Open-minded vs Closed-minded
Fron Ray Dalio's Principles: Life and Work, p. 195-198:
- Closed-minded people don't want their ideas challenged. Open-minded people are more curious about why there is disagreement.
- Closed-minded people are more likely to make statements than ask questions. Open-minded people genuinely believe they could be wrong.
- Closed-minded people focus much more on being understood than on understanding others. Open-minded people always feel compelled to see things through other's eyes.
- Closed-minded people say things like "I could be wrong... but here's my opinion". Open-minded people know when to make statements and when to ask questions.
- Closed-minded people block others from speaking. Open-minded people are always more interested in listening than speaking; they encourage others to voice their views.
- Closed-minded people have trouble holding two thoughts simultaneously in their minds. Open-minded people can take in the thoughts of others without losing their ability to think well --they can hold two or more conflicting concepts in their minds and go back and forth between them to assess their relative merits.
- Closed-minded people lack a deep sense of humility. Open-minded people approach everything with a deep-seated fear that they may be wrong.