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Tech, Strategy, and other interesting things by Roberto Zoiaby Roberto Zoia

The Disruption of AI and the Need to Gain New Skills

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Yuval Harari is best known for his book Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. At the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos this year (2020), he focused his talk on the dangers of technological disruption.

Disruptive technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) will certainly eliminate jobs. For Harari the question is not whether new jobs will be created —they will be— but whether people will be able to learn new skills fast enough to adapt to these jobs. But it doesn’t stop with the immediate generation affected by those changes. Considering that AI is nowhere near its full potential, automation will be a cascade of ever bigger disruptions. People will need to reinvent themselves again and again. Those who can’t keep the pace will fall behind. “(…) in the past human had to struggle against exploitation, in the twenty-first century the really big struggle will be against irrelevance.”

I couldn’t help but connect Harari’s warnings to what Carl Newport’s describes as the abilities to thrive in the new economy: The ability to quickly master hard things, and the ability to produce at an elite level, in terms of both quality and speed.

Both abilities can be learned, but not in a short period of time. So better start today.

This article has also been published in Spanish with the title La disrupción de la Inteligencia Artificial y la necesidad de aprender a aprender.

Google’s Search Engine Monetization

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More than 20 years after its founding, Google’s advertising business remains the largest source of Alphabet’s income. (Alphabet is Google’s parent company.) While 2019 results have not yet been disclosed, for 2019 advertising is expected to contribute 83% of Alphabet’s total expected revenue of $171 billion1.

As a public company, Alphabet is expected to show consistent growth quarter after quarter. Alphabet has been growing over 20% each year for the past 10 years. As 80% or more of Alphabet’s income comes from advertising, it’s no surprise that Google changes to its search engine and its result page through the years aim to grow this revenue stream even further.

Maximizing advertising income

Thanks to its accurate search results, Google is the most visited website on the internet and the internet’s front door. According to Sparktoro, as of 2019 Google has a 94% market share of total searches on the Internet.

Top space in Google search result’s page is the most valuable, because people tend to check just the first few result on the page. For years now, the top spots of the search engine results page have been reserved for Google ads.

Google advertising system is clevery engineered to maximize advertising revenue. “Google Ads runs an auction every single time it has an ad space available –on a search result, or on a blog, news site, or some other page. Each auction decides which ads will show at that moment in that space. Your bid puts you in the auction.2” This advertising model drives the cost for advertisers up, effectively transfering value from the businesses/advertisers to Google.

Internet adoption is slowing down

Internet adoption is slowing down in Google’s most lucrative markets like North America and Europe. Asia is still growing, but some years ago Google closed operations on China, Asia’s biggest market. To continue growing its advertising business, Google needs both to charge more for each click, and increase the volume of paid clicks on their results page.

Internet usage 2009-2019
Internet usage 2009-2019. Source: Statista

Consider this quote from Google’s co-founder Larry Page, from the company’s S-1 filling in 2004:

(…) Most portals show their own content above content elsewhere on the web. We feel that’s a conflict of interest, analogous to taking money for search results. Their search engine doesn’t necessarily provide the best results; it provides the portal’s results. Google conscientiously tries to stay away from that. We want to get you out of Google and to the right place as fast as possible. It’s a very different model.

We built a business on the opposite message. We want you to come to Google and quickly find what you want. Then we’re happy to send you to the other sites. In fact, that’s the point. [In contrast] The portal strategy tries to own all of the information.”

This is not true anymore. Google has been changing their search engine from a place where you find links to the answers you are searching for and leave, to a place where you find the answers you are searching for and stay.

Ads own the best places on the results page

For years now, ads have been given the top spot on the search results page, displacing organic search results. At first, ads were clearly differentiated from organic search results, but recent changes in styling make differentiating organic search results from ads harder.

Google changes in Search Ads styling
Google search ads styling make it hard to distinguish between ads and organic results.

Depending on the search category, after the ads Google places an information block, with information automatically compiled by Google by scrapping the most relevant pages. In other categories like flight search or hotel booking, a special module is shown where the user can directly book a flight or an hotel with one of Google’s partners.

Google's information module
Google information module shows reponses scraped from other webpages

Google partners are companies that most times pay Google to appear in such a spot, or where Google earns a fee after a sucessful booking, which implies another advertising-related income stream for Google.

Google search results on mobile On mobile, Google search results show up on Page 4.

Organic results appear after these blocks and modules. On mobile, this may be on page 4 onwards. Good luck trying to drive traffic to your site by using SEO (Search Engine Optimization) to rank high on the search engine’s organic results. Most users searching on Google will never see those results. A recent example of this is Expedia, which reported lower-than-expected profit margins in 2019 due to increased Google Ads spenditure thanks to an important reduction in organic search traffic to their site.

For businesses, the opportunity is to provide a better experience than Google’s for specific sectors or needs. This doesn’t mean it’s easy, only that it may be one of the few ways to compete with Google. One of the reasons customers head directly to Amazon over Google and even over product brands’ own webpages is the superior shopping experience.

From Search Engine to Answer Engine

In 2019, 68% of Google searches were done on smartphones. This is one of the reasons why Google pays Apple several billion dollares each year to be the default search engine in iOS3 and of Android being heavily subsidized so it’s essentially free, but in Google’s tight control.

When using mobile devices for searching the web, it’s more convenient for users to have the answers to their queries in the same search results page, because otherwise they have to click and load additional pages.

SparkToro’s Rand Fiskin points out that Google is “moving from search engine to answer to engine and now to a direct competitor for an enormous number of websites and businesses. (…) The largest source of traffic on the web — free and paid — is becoming a walled garden, intent on not only keeping people on its own properties, but competing directly with those that helped it become a dominant, monopoly power.”

Is Google succeeding at keeping people in their website? According to Sparktoro, it is. In 2019 more than 50% of Google searches where zero-click searches, which means Google showed enough information on the results page itself so that the user didn’t need to click on any further link. 4% of the time, the user clicked a link to another Google property or partner.

Long-term thinking

From the user’s perspective, the changes Google is introducing are not bad per se. Why wouldn’t someone like Google summarizing the information for her, saving time and effort? Most people will see this as a benefit, and don’t care much what’s going on behind the curtains. As long as results are unbiased, aggregating the relevant information on the results page offers convenience for the user.

This strategy may benefit Google advertisement revenues for some years. However, in the long run it can lead to a loss of value on Google as a search engine. Advertisers bidding for ads don’t aim at providing accurarte search result, but converting leads into clients. People searching on Google won’t see the best answers, but the answerss of those companies that paid more. (Forget about someone doing a great review of an hotel in her personal blog.)

When Google was founded in 1998, portals like Yahoo! and Altavista owned most of the Internet’s traffic, and offered paid results. People were not happy and Google seized the opportunity. As Seth Godin points out, sooner or later, the shark gets jumped.

The other question is: is Alphabet/Google remaining an advertising company in the long run, or will it be able to grow another business that can rival the $170 billion generated anually by Google Advertising?

Este artículo está también disponible en español con el título Google y la explotación de su motor de búsqueda

Featured image photo credits: Rajeshwar Bachu on Unsplash.

  1. cfr Alphabet’s Revenues: How Does Alphabet Make Money?. Google other businesses make up 16.3% ($27.9 billion) for 2019. Other non-Google businesses, which are emerging areas in various stages of development, are reported collectively by Alphabet as Other bets and make up 0.4% of Alphabet’s revenue. ↩
  2. cfr Google Ads on Google’s Support page. ↩
  3. Several articles estimate that Google paid around $9 Billion in 2018, but the only hard data I found says it paid $1B, which is nonetheless a lot of money. (cfr Google reportedly paying Apple $9 billion to remain default search engine in Safari on iOS  and
    Google to Pay Apple $12 Billion to Remain Safari’s Default Search Engine in 2019: Report.) ↩

33 Books in 2019

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As I’ve written before, we live in an age where self-learning becomes more relevant every day. As less people read books, reading becomes a real competitive advantage. It’s a very effective way of standing on the shoulders of giants.

In 2019 I completed a total of 16 books (non-fiction) and 17 novels. From the non-fiction list, these are the ones I enjoyed very much and consider worth recommending:

These are the books enjoyed most in the fiction/fantasy category. If I had to choose one, I would pick the Remembrance of Earth’s Past trilogy by Liu Cixin.

Photo by Nong Vang on Unsplash.

Problem Solving Skills for the Future

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Learning complex thinking is uncomfortable. Complexity is, after all, the realm of unknown unknowns.

The Cynefin Framework is a conceptual framework created in 1999 by Mary E. Boone and Dave J. Snowden while working for IBM Global Services. It classifies the issues leaders face into five contexts, defined by the nature of the relationship between cause and effect. It offers decision-makers a “sense of place” from which to view their perceptions, and make better decisions.

Obvious or simple is the domain of best practice, or known knowns. Problems in this realm can be solved by applying rules or best practices. There is rarely disagreement or doubt about what needs to be done.

Complicated is the domain of experts, the realm of the known unknowns. Relating cause and effect requires expertise and analysis, but once the problem has been analyzed, the course of action is clear: apply the appropriate good operating practice.

Complex, on the other hand, is the context of the unknown unknowns, where the relation between cause and effect is known only in retrospective. “Complexity is more a way of thinking about the world than a new way of working with mathematical models1.” Complex systems are dynamic. They involve large numbers of interacting elements. Interactions are non-linear. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Political entities, organizations, markets, the rainforest… are examples of complex realities.

Solutions to complex problems can’t be imposed. There is no ‘right solution’. Deciding on the criteria to be used to evaluate possible solutions is part of solving problems in this realm.

Most situations and decisions in organizations are complex because some major change—a bad quarter, a shift in management, a merger or acquisition—introduces unpredictability and flux. In this domain, we can understand why things happen only in retrospect2.

Finally, a problem is chaotic when it’s too confusing to wait for a knowledge-based response. Because cause and effect are unclear, we need to establish certain level of order first, sense where stability lies, and try to turn what’s chaotic into the realm of complexity.

Guess what kind of problem solving skills will give you an unfair advantage and won’t get you replaced by a robot, automation, or a clever machine learning algorithm anytime soon. “Work is moving yet again. The move from Simple to Complicated that was a hallmark of the twentieth century is being outpaced by a move from Complicated to Complex and Chaotic3.”

To learn to navigate the sea of complexity, you need a sense of curiosity and the habit to notice the nature of things around you. You need to nurture the ability to learn new things. Expose yourself to complex situations, where identifying the problems is part of the challenge, leaving behind the shallow and safe waters of what’s just complicated and tactical.

Photo by Samuel Zeller on Unsplash

  1. cfr HBR, November 2007. A Leader’s Framework for Decision Making. SNOWDEN, David J. and BOONE, Mary E. ↩
  2. cfr HBR, November 2007, idem. ↩
  3. Taylor Pearson, The Commoditization of Credentialism: Why MBAs and JDs Can’t Get Jobs. ↩

Blind to Biases

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Runner’s World tells the storie of Ellie Pell, who won the overall first place in a 50K Ultra Marathon.

The organizers of the event had assumed that the overall winner would male.

While there was an award made for the first place female, there was no award prepared for the first place male. Instead, there was only a trophy for the overall winner, which was predicted to be a man.

What’s worth noting is not the organizers’s bias, but that they were blind to it. Blind to the possibility that a woman could actually win the race.

Being aware that we may be blind to our own biases is the first step towards overcoming them. Blindness may come, for example, from taking for granted what for others may be a privilege1.


Photo by Andrea Leopardi on Unsplash

  1. For example, check McKinsey’s article on Why gender diversity at the top remains a challenge. ↩